With the development of pollution-free agriculture, green agriculture, and organic agriculture, the status of farmyard fertilizers in fertilizers is particularly prominent. However, according to our investigation, at present, many rural households only focus on urea, diamine, and compound fertilizers, and neglect the manure and fertilizer production of the largest manure farm fertilizer in rural areas, resulting in serious loss of nutrients and poor quality of farm manure, and loss of its Some fertilizer functions. To this end, we propose the following specific manure and fattening measures for reference.
First, reduce the loss of nutrients in livestock manure
Livestock excrement from cattle, horses, quail, pigs, sheep, rabbits and other livestock is a high-quality farmyard fertilizer. The feces and urine properties of livestock are different and contain different nutrients. The nitrogen in the feces is mainly proteinaceous nitrogen, which is slow to decompose and the crop is difficult to absorb directly. It needs to undergo decomposition and transformation for a long period of time before the beneficial biota can be converted into effective nutrients that the crop can easily absorb. Urinary nitrogen is in a water-soluble organic state such as urea, uric acid, and hippuric acid, and is easily converted into ammonia nitrogen that is easily absorbed by plants. The content of phosphoric acid in the feces is high, generally containing P2O50.25-0.50%, while the urine contains P2O5 is less, generally 0.06-0.12%. Urine has higher potassium content than feces. Generally, urine contains K2O0.65-2.10%, and feces only contain 0.15-0.44%. Livestock urine can not only supply the nutrients needed by crops. It can also increase soil organic matter and increase soil fertility. It has been determined that: For three consecutive years, the mass of 4,000 kg or more of high-quality manure in Mushi will increase the soil organic matter content by 0.2-0.3%. Drought resistance, stress resistance and disease resistance of crops also have obvious advantages. However, in the past few years when the author examined the village, he discovered that some livestock sheds were dilapidated and leaked. Some of the pits leaked water and leaked fertilizer. Some slaughtered yards inside the yard and allowed them to blow wind, sun and rain. As described above, the nitrogen in the excreta becomes volatile, and the soluble nutrients are lost as the water leaks, resulting in poor manure. It has been determined that if the animal urine is not implanted in a timely manner, the nitrogen loss in one-and-a-half months is as high as 96%.
How to reduce the loss of nutrients in livestock manure? First, to improve the bar, so as not to leak water, no leakage, easy to use washers; Second, the appropriate amount of soil, excrement and soil ratio to 1:3-4 is appropriate, it should be done Qinqin Qin pad , Or once a day or every other day; Third, if the fecal urine slaughter temporarily if not used, it should immediately close the external mud seal, in order to protect the fertilizer effect.
Second, reduce the loss of human urine nutrients
Human urine is rich in N, P, and K. It was determined that it contained 0.5-1% of N, 50.13-0.18% of P2O, and 0.19-2.4% of K2O. The average annual urine output per adult is about 700-800 kilograms. The conversion of N, P, and D in urine into chemical fertilizer is equivalent to N18 kg and P5 kg, which is the total amount of one-year defecation. 2-3 times of nutrients. It has been determined that if human urine is left untreated, it will be stored in the tank for 60 days and N will lose about 90%. To reduce the loss of human urine nutrients: Put the urine product in a tank or tank, cover the tank or tank to prevent volatilization, it is best to use for 7-10 days to use, reduce the accumulation time to preserve nutrients.
Third, to reduce the loss of human fecal nutrients
Human excrement is a large source of fertilizer in rural areas. As a fertilizer, it is estimated that about 35 million tons of fertilizer will be excreted annually (which is equivalent to 25 million tons of ammonium sulfate, 7 million tons of superphosphate and 3 million tons of potassium sulfate). Human feces not only contains about 1% of N-rich nutrient, about 0.37% of P2O5, twice as much as human nutrient content in urine, but also has about 20% of organic matter content, so it not only has the function of improving soil fertility, but also improves Soil structure, regulate soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the scientific accumulation and application of human manure organic fertilizer is a highly developed science and technology today, it is still a technical measure to promote the development of modern agriculture. The best way to reduce the loss of human fecal nutrients is as follows: First, fix the toilets and septic tanks so as to prevent seepage, leaks, and rain, and seal them. Second, change the method of use. , It will be best to apply diluted feces to soil after dilution. The decay time is generally 6-7 days in summer, and about 15-20 days in other seasons. Thirdly, it is strongly advocated that human excreta should be used separately.
At present, there are two problems when storing human fecal urine in the vast rural areas of North China. The dried manure is dried, that is, human waste is mixed with soil, garbage, and dust, and then dried and mashed. Although the drying and drying of manure is convenient for storage, transportation and application, the loss of N during the drying process is quite large. According to the determination, the dry nitrogen loss in summer is about 46.2%, the loss in winter is about 35.3%, and the loss in spring and autumn is about 40. %. Grass-plant dust is not a scientific move.
Fourth, the accumulation of vegetation ash
Due to the large amount of potassium carbonate, the plant ash is the only alkaline potassium fertilizer in farmyard manure. Human excrement and manure are all acidic organic fertilizers, so the two are counter-productive, acidic, and nutrient loss. It has been determined that after planting grass ash and human fecal urine in a ratio of 1:1.5 and storing for 10 days, the loss of N is about 27.4%, and the N-loss of storage is about 85.9% for three months. Therefore, in the work of composting and composting, we should vigorously advocate the single accumulation of grass ash, single-existence, single use, should not be poured into organic fertilizer.
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