At the 2nd International Symposium on International and Ecological Restoration in 2017, the International Research Center for Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration was established. Hu Zhenqi, a professor at China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), said that the center will bring together the world's top scholars and technical talents to jointly build a broader platform for land reclamation and ecological restoration in mining areas to promote the development of land reclamation. At the same time, the first “Ecology Mine – Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration Pioneer†awarding ceremony was held.
The seminar was praised by the industry as "just the right time" and "the theme is just right."
Because the party’s report on the 19th National Congress once again proposed a series of new ideas, new requirements, new goals and new deployments for ecological civilization construction and ecological environmental protection. In terms of new ideas, we will adhere to the harmonious coexistence of man and nature as the basic strategy of adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. It is proposed that the construction of ecological civilization is the millennium of the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, and that man and nature are the community of life. thesis. In terms of new goals, it is proposed that by 2020, we will resolutely fight the battle against pollution. By 2035, the ecological environment will be basically improved, and the goal of beautiful China will be basically realized. By the middle of this century, China will be built into a strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modernization power. Material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization, social civilization, and ecological civilization will be comprehensively upgraded. In terms of new specific deployment implementation, it is clearly stated that the protection of ecosystems will be strengthened in the future. Implement important ecosystem protection and restoration major projects, optimize ecological safety barrier systems, build ecological corridors and biodiversity conservation networks, and improve ecosystem quality and stability. Carry out national greening actions, promote desertification, rocky desertification, and comprehensive management of soil erosion, strengthen wetland protection and restoration, and strengthen prevention and control of geological disasters.
Undoubtedly, the construction of ecological civilization has risen to a new political responsibility.
This is a slogan for the development of the land reclamation and ecological restoration industry.
Promoting the development of mining construction and the protection of green water and green mountains is an inevitable requirement for economic and social development.
According to the 2016 National Mine Geological Environment Survey Report of the China Geological Survey, there are more than 11 million non-oil and gas mines in the country. In recent years, due to policy reasons such as integration of mineral resources, de-capacity, and withdrawal of mineral rights in nature reserves, the country has closed nearly 50,000 mines and produced about 60,000 mines with a total mine area of ​​10.4 million hectares (156 million mu). The damaged land area is more than 3 million hectares (more than 45 million mu). As of 2015, more than 8.6 million hectares (12.9 million mu) of land damaged by mining have been rehabilitated, and 2.14 million hectares (32.1 million mu) remain unrecovered. Among them, the subsidence area covers an area of ​​560,000 hectares (8.4 million mu), the mine damages 1.22 million hectares (18.3 million mu), and the solid waste piles up and damages 360,000 hectares (5.4 million mu).
The "13th Five-Year Plan for Land and Resources" proposes that from 1986 to 2020, the task of restoring the geological environment of 7.5 million mu of historical mines will be completed, and the reclaiming of industrial and mining wasteland will continue to increase.
At the meeting, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China University of Mining (Beijing) Professor Peng Suping said the country's coal is the main energy source in the western coal is the focus of national energy development. In the ecologically fragile areas of western China, how to combine the effective mining of modern coal with the protection of groundwater and the protection of surface ecological protection is an important issue for the sustainable development of coal resources in the west.
Tian Hui, deputy director of the China Coal Society, said that the "13th Five-Year Plan" and a longer period of time, coal, as the main body of China's primary energy, is irreplaceable in safeguarding the country's energy security and stable supply. The exploitation of coal resources will inevitably affect and reconstruct the land and ecological environment of the mining area. With the structural reform of the supply side, the number of coal mines nationwide has been reduced from more than 80,000 in the 1980s to about 8,000 at present. The closure of mines requires environmental restoration, and it is foreseeable that the market for land reclamation and ecological restoration in mining areas will continue to expand. .
Beijing Forestry University professor Yu Xinxiao introduced, according to land and resources estimates, governance acre of land mines need 10,000 yuan to 1.2 million in capital investment, which means that funds mine land reclamation and ecological restoration during the "Thirteen Five" Near 100 billion yuan.
A huge market is slowly opening up, and the research and innovation of scientific theories and technologies that support it are also brewing.
In recent years, a large amount of land and environment has been destroyed by the exploitation of mineral resources including coal. Around the world, people began to take remedial measures against the damage to the land and the environmental problems it caused. At this important juncture, an important discipline serving the social and economic development of the times emerged as the times require, namely, "land reclamation and ecological restoration."
The concept of land reclamation and ecological restoration is to study the mechanism and evolution of damaged land and environment and the policies, theories, methods, and techniques of remediation.
According to Hu Zhenqi, in China, the “land reclamation and ecological restoration science†originating from China’s coal mining areas originated from the “disciplinary development research project†of the China Association for Science and Technology, which was established in 2006.
Standing, 30 items per year. This is the first discipline development research project of the China Coal Society. Its purpose is to systematically sort out the development of the discipline, consolidate the main achievements of the discipline, determine the subject orientation of “land reclamation and ecological restoration in coal mining areasâ€, and clarify the future development strategy of the discipline.
Land reclamation is an important measure and means to coordinate the development of mineral resources and the protection of land resources, promote the construction of ecological civilization, and realize the concept of green development.
Huang Jinlou, an associate researcher at the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that due to the high cost of mine restoration, the ecological restoration of mine land must be combined with land reuse and related industrial development to achieve sustainable development.
China's land reclamation policy is gradually developing and perfecting after nearly 30 years of exploration and practice.
According to experts at the meeting, with the promulgation and implementation of the 1988 Land Reclamation Regulations, China's land reclamation began to enter the legal management track. In order to strengthen the source control of land reclamation, since 2007, China has begun to implement the land reclamation program review and review system. In 2011, the Land Reclamation Regulations were amended to form the Land Reclamation Regulations. In 2012, the “Implementation Measures for the Land Reclamation Regulations†was formulated and implemented, and the basic institutional framework for land reclamation in China was constructed. In August 2017, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the “Rules for the Supervision and Inspection of Double Randomization and Publicity of Land Reclamationâ€, and innovated the supervision method to supervise and inspect the implementation of the land reclamation plan for the approval of mineral rights by the Ministry of Land and Resources. The land reclamation supervision and inspection shall be carried out by randomly selecting the inspection objects, randomly selecting the supervision and inspection personnel, and promptly publicly checking the situation and investigating the results. As a basis for examining whether the relevant department has reviewed the application for land for project construction, whether to approve the application for new mining license or the application for renewal, alteration or cancellation of the mining license, the inspection and approval of the application for the re-examination of the land rights of the mineral rights has been completed. Supervise and inspect the construction of personnel.
Under the guidance of a series of related policies, many enterprises' mining land reclamation and ecological restoration have indeed made great achievements.
China Coal Pingyi Group Co., Ltd. is the first mining enterprise in China to incorporate ecological restoration and management funds into production costs. The company has invested a total of 2 billion yuan in green reclamation funds and completed a land reclamation area of ​​40,000 mu. It is a land reclamation field observation base of the Ministry of Land and Resources. Pingshuo Mining Area has also been listed as a pilot unit for the reform of open-pit mining land in China, and has established a new model of “occupation-mining-recovering-returning landâ€, saving construction land quotas, solving the balance of cultivated land occupation and compensation, and exploring for open-pit mining land in China. A new road has a strong demonstration significance.
Shenhua Shendong Coal Group Co., Ltd. is the main development and construction of “Shenfu Dongsheng Coalfieldâ€, one of the seven largest coalfields in the world. It has 13 modern safe and high-efficiency mines with a capacity of more than 200 million tons. It is China Shenhua. The source and important components of the industrial chain. However, the native environment of the location of the enterprise is extremely fragile. There is a serious shortage of water resources, drought and little rain, serious soil erosion and desertification, and the average vegetation rate is only 3% to 11%. It is the key monitoring and treatment area for soil erosion in China. The total management area of ​​Shendong Coal Group Co., Ltd. is 275 square kilometers, which is 1.5 times of the development area, and the vegetation coverage rate has increased to over 60%. The original fragile ecological environment has achieved positive succession, not only has an oasis built in desertification areas, but also achieved significant ecological, economic and social benefits. It is understood that the group has seven mines designated by the Ministry of Land and Resources as national-level green mines.
The first “Ecological Mine – Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration Pioneer†award ceremony held at the seminar also commended a group of 10 companies who dared to try in this field and encouraged them to continue to promote the industry. Develop and grow to provide experience.
Relevant experts said that the reclamation of land in China's mining areas requires constant innovation and a combination of governance and comprehensive utilization. For the land damaged by history, the land use incentive policy and the fiscal tax policy are the means, and the market operation is the main method. To clarify the responsibility of the main body of reclamation, strengthen supervision over the implementation of rehabilitation obligations and accelerate the construction of green mines.
In fact, with the country's emphasis on land reclamation and ecological restoration, a large wave of policy dividends will provide strong support for this cause.
It is understood that in the next step, in terms of land reclamation and mine environmental management, policy funds will be integrated and integrated. The land reclamation and mine geological environment restoration and management, new rural construction, environmental pollution control, ecological restoration and other related work will be promoted, and the integration of policies and project funds will be strengthened to form a synergy. Improve land use incentives. Establish a transfer income guarantee mechanism for replacing the construction land index and the divination balance indicator after the reclamation of the abandoned land. Improve the policy mechanism to attract social capital investment. Strengthen the market-based operation mechanism of land reclamation and ensure the participation of social funds in land reclamation. For historically abandoned land, land reclamation is supported by the use of land use rights for the direct use of reclamation enterprises, collective economic organizations or individuals. Study the land reclamation cost guarantee mechanism. Reserve the reclamation costs from the production cost of the mine, and explore the development of the mine environmental restoration and land reclamation fund system. Improve the land reclamation supervision system. Implement level-level regulatory responsibilities, make full use of remote sensing technology and information technology, innovate supervision mode, and establish a supervision mechanism for social supervision, government spot checks, trustworthy rewards, and disciplinary punishment. Promote land reclamation technology innovation. Carry out research on technology innovation support policy for land reclamation engineering.
Working principle
The working principle of the box Filter Press is that the filter plate is arranged to form a filter chamber (both sides of the filter plate are concave, and each two filter plates are combined into one compartment filter chamber).
The principle diagram is as follows: the surface of the filter plate has pock marks and lugs to support filter cloth. There is a through hole in the center and side of the filter plate. After assembly, it forms a complete passageway, which can pass into suspension, washing water and filtrate. Each side of the filter plate is supported by a handle on the cross beam, and the filter plate is pressed by the pressing device. The filter cloth between the filter plates plays a sealing role.
Under the pressure of the feed pump, the material liquid which needs to be filtered is sent into the filter chamber, and the solid and the liquid are separated by the filter medium (according to the selection of the suitable filter cloth according to the different industries). A filter residue is formed on the filter cloth until the filter cake is filled into the filter chamber. The filtrate passes through the filter cloth and flows along the filter plate trench to the outlet of the liquid outlet at the bottom and concentrates. After filtration, washing and washing residue can be cleaned. After washing, sometimes the compressed air is added to remove the remaining washing liquid. After the filtration is finished, the filter press is opened and the filter cake is removed (the filter cake is stored between the two adjacent filter plates). The filter cloth is cleaned, and the filter is re pressed to start the next working cycle.
Filter cloth is fixed on the plate frame. This is the main form of early filter press. The main advantage of the filter press is to replace the filter cloth easily. The disadvantage is low efficiency, bad filtering effect and easy filter plate. The filter chamber of the filter press machine is made up of two adjacent sags, and the filter cloth is fixed on each filter plate and the wing filter press is fixed. The main advantage is that the efficiency is high, the effect is better, the filter plate is relatively durable (under the same condition), but the degree of automation is high, the cleaning filter cloth has automatic device, and the frequency of changing the filter cloth will not be frequent.
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